Two filamentous microalgae as feed ingredients improved flesh quality and enhanced antioxidant capacity and immunity of the gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

A 40‐day experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of two filamentous microalgae as feed ingredients on growth performance, tissue fatty acid profiles, pigmentation and immunity of gibel carp (204.83 ± 2.17 g, mean ± SD). Three diets (control, Oedocladium sp. and Tribonema sp.) were formulated. In the control diet, no microalgal meal was added and into the Oedocladium and Tribonema diets were added 40 g/kg Oedocladium sp. meal and 50 g/kg Tribonema sp. meal, respectively. Compared to the control, the addition of Oedocladium sp. and Tribonema sp. had significant effects on tissue fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity and immunity without compromising growth, body composition and pigmentation. The addition of Tribonema sp. and Oedocladium sp. significantly increased the EPA, DHA profiles and the ratio of n‐3/n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and simultaneously decreased the n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids profile in fish muscles. Moreover, addition of Tribonema sp. to the diet significantly increased muscle palmitoleic profile and EPA + DHA contents. Furthermore, the addition of either microalga significantly increased the total superoxide dismutase activity level and the complement 3 and immunoglobulin M contents in the plasma. These results demonstrate that Oedocladium sp. and Tribonema sp. can be used as feed ingredients to improve flesh quality and increase the immunity of fish.     

Effects of antimicrobial peptides on growth,morphology of foregut villi and related genes mRNA expression in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to examine the effects of different levels (0, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) of antimicrobial peptides on growth, protease activity of foregut, the morphology of foregut villi and related genes mRNA expression level in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The results showed that the feed of antimicrobial peptides promote common carp growth, and the optimal dosage of antimicrobial peptides is 200–333 mg/kg in the common carp feed. The protease activity of 200 and 400 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control and other groups (p < 0.05). The foregut villus height with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). The crypt depth of 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly lower than control group (p < 0.05). The ratio of villus height and crypt depth of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05). The ratio with 600 mg/kg group was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). The IGF‐I gene expression level of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control group and 600 mg/kg group (p < 0.05). The IL‐1β gene expression level of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg groups were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). These results indicated up‐regulation of growth and immune related genes in antimicrobial peptides fed common carp. Correlation analysis showed that IGF‐I mRNA and IL‐1β mRNA were positively correlated with SGR. IL‐1β mRNA and FCR were significantly negative correlated. It indicated that growth and immune gene common regulated the growth of the carp under antimicrobial peptides intervention. In conclusion, antimicrobial peptides can improve growth and related genes mRNA expression in the common carp. Further studies using molecular biological technique or immunologic methods are required to conclude that antimicrobial peptides are beneficial in common carp.     

Cellular Localization of Rice SUMO/SUMO Conjugates and in vitro Sumoylation Using Rice Components

正Many proteins are regulated by post-translational modifications,such as the reversible covalent attachment of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins in eukaryotes(Kerscher et al, 2006). Post-translational modification of proteins by the SUMO protein family is involved in diverse cellular processes, including development, hormonal responses, and biotic and abiotic stress signaling(Park et al, 2011). SUMO modification can modulate protein-protein interactions, intracellular localization or the activities of the protein(Gareau and Lima, 2010).     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对低温胁迫下茶树叶片光合及生理特性的影响

通过对陕茶1号（耐低温型）和金牡丹（低温敏感型）2个茶树品种在冬季自然低温胁迫下喷施不同浓度（0、10、30、50 mg·L^-1）的外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-aminolevulinic acid,ALA）,探究外源ALA对低温胁迫下茶树叶片光合荧光特性及生理特性的调控作用。结果表明,适宜浓度的外源ALA对低温胁迫下茶树叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率、PSⅡ最大光化学效率及PSⅡ潜在活性具有促进作用,能够提高水浸出物、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸、儿茶素类物质、茶氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等生理活性物质含量的累积;外源ALA能够提高低温胁迫下茶树光合作用的能力并改善茶叶品质,其中50 mg·L^-1的ALA处理能有效提高陕茶1号应对低温胁迫的能力,10 mg·L^-1和30 mg·L^-1的外源ALA对金牡丹应对低温胁迫具有较好的缓解效用。     

2015年至2019年我国进口美棉质量分析

本研究旨在明确2015―2019年进口美国棉花质量变化情况。根据青岛海关技术中心棉花检测实验室检测大数据，分析进口美国棉花（陆地棉、比马棉）品质指标的主体范围，总结不同主体指标各等级分布情况及变化规律；对美棉品级、长度、马克隆值合同品质符合率开展研究，发现不同品质指标不同时间段符合率的高点与低点；结合大数据中单个棉包实际检测数据分布情况，探讨进口美国棉花质量变化趋势。认为：5年中进口美国棉花品质一致性好，主体品质占比大，主体指标范围品质符合率高，受贸易形势影响进口美棉数据分布逐渐由高等级向低等级转变。     

有机肥与化肥配施对植烟土壤养分及烟叶产质量的影响

为豫中烟区生产上有机肥的选择及合理配施提供科学依据,采用大田试验方法,研究芝麻饼肥、生物有机肥和高碳基肥与化肥配施对土壤养分及烟叶常规化学成分、中性致香物质和经济效益的影响。结果表明:土壤有机碳和微生物量碳不同处理变幅分别为7.35～10.63g/kg和36.45～80.86mg/kg,有机肥+化肥处理均显著高于纯化肥处理;碱解氮和微生物量氮不同处理变幅分别为50.29～58.95mg/kg和42.23～60.69mg/kg,生物有机肥+化肥和高碳基肥+化肥处理碱解氮含量均显著高于纯化肥处理,有机肥与化肥配施处理微生物量氮均显著高于纯化肥处理,各有机肥与化肥配施处理间差异不显著;脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性3种有机肥与化肥配施处理与纯化肥处理间差异不显著,蔗糖酶活性生物有机肥+化肥和高碳基肥+化肥处理显著高于纯化肥处理;与纯化肥处理相比,3种有机肥与化肥配施烤后烟叶的总糖、还原糖和钾含量升高,烟碱含量降低,常规化学成分的协调性提高;除新植二烯外的香气物质总量各有机肥与化肥配施处理较纯化肥处理增加;各有机肥与化肥配施处理较纯化肥处理烟叶的均价和产值均显著提高。豫中烟叶生产中以高碳基肥与化肥按1∶1配施的应用效果较好。     

制梗丝关键工序烟梗原料有机酸含量的变化

为制梗丝关键工序加工方式的改进提供参考依据,利用单因素方差分析和主成分分析法,研究制梗丝过程关键工序烟梗原料中挥发性有机酸和非挥发性有机酸含量的差异性及变化规律。结果表明:在关键工序(原梗、切梗丝、梗丝加料到梗丝干燥后)测定的18种有机酸含量差异均达显著水平,其中14种有机酸含量呈先降后升再降的变化趋势;不同工序烟梗样品2类有机酸前2个主成分得分在二维平面上的投影分布的分类现象明显;烟梗中的有机酸综合含量在切丝工序后显著降低,加料工序后显著升高,干燥工序后又显著降低。为降低高强度气流干燥过程梗丝表面料液香味成分的大量挥发,加料工序料液配方中的部分调味剂和增香剂可在干燥工序后使用,以提高烟用料液的有效利用率。     

鲤鱼肠道中4种细菌的分离与生化鉴定

为研究健康鲤鱼肠道菌群组成情况,为其饲料添加剂和水质改良剂的开发利用提供基础资料,试验对鲤鱼肠道中的细菌进行分离培养,通过形态特征观察、生化试验进行鉴定.结果:在鲤鱼肠道中分离出4种细菌,分别为:金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)、沙门氏菌(salmonella)、粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).     

脉冲式烟雾水雾机热力雾化水剂农药效果分析

针对脉冲式烟雾水雾机在喷施水雾剂农药时常出现滴液、流液或较大雾滴群等雾化不良现象，通过改装6HYW-60S型脉冲式烟雾水雾机，将药液流量设置成可调的测试装置，设定5个油门开度及4个药液流量，测试了脉冲发动机喷药前后的气流速度、温度及各喷药工况下的雾滴粒径分布。结果表明，在最小的油门启动开度到最大的油门工作开度可调范围内，对应的脉冲发动机燃油消耗率变化范围较小（相对变化13.0%），喷管内对应的气流温度与速度也发生同等程度的变化。喷药时，喷管口处的气流温度与速度发生明显变化，由不喷药时约700℃的高温气流下降为75℃左右的雾滴流，相应的气流速度下降了16%左右；油门开度及药液流量对雾滴流温度的影响非常小，但对雾滴流速度的影响非常明显，油门开度增大，雾滴流速度明显增加，药液流量增大，雾滴流速度明显下降。在各油门开度下，对最小药液流量20L/h的雾化效果均不佳，尤其距喷雾出口较近处存在大量的300μm以上的较大雾滴，这些大雾滴极易跌落至地面，无法有效喷施到目标物上；药液流量增大至40L/h及以上时，各油门开度下的雾滴体积中径均较小，同一工况下各位置点的平均值不超过60μm。热力雾化的雾滴粒径分布曲线不是单一峰值的正态分布形态，常会出现不同中心雾滴粒径的雾滴群，且这些雾滴群的中心雾滴粒径基本保持一致。从喷雾出口喷出的雾滴流中，喷管中心轴线上的雾滴细小均匀、雾化充分，中心轴线上方的雾滴一般比中心点处稍大，中心轴线下方雾滴明显增大，且距中心轴线越远的下方，雾滴增大越明显，即雾滴流中较大雾滴群的量逐渐增加。以药液流量60L/h及油门开度90°为最佳雾化工况，在整个喷施区域内均形成了良好的雾化效果。     

Effects of dietary Bacillus pumilus on growth performance,innate immunity and digestive enzymes of giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus pumilus on the growth performance, innate immunity and digestive enzymes of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Prawns (mean weight: 1.81 ± 0.01 g) were fed different levels of B. pumilus at doses of 0, 1 × 10⁷, 1 × 10⁸ and 1 × 10⁹ CFU/g to produce one control group and three experimental groups (G1, G2 and G3), respectively. After a 60‐day experimental feeding period, the results showed that the final weight, weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly higher in experimental groups than in the control (p < 0.05), whereas these improvements did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among experimental groups. The improvements in phagocytic activity, respiratory burst (RBs) activity and the activity of catalase (CAT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and acid phosphatase (ACP) were significantly higher in G2 and G3 than in the control and G1 (p < 0.05). Further, the activity of CAT, NOS and ACP significantly increased with an increase in the dietary level of B. pumilus (p < 0.05). The activity of phenoloxidase (PO) in G3 was significantly higher than that in the control (p < 0.05). The activity of amylase was significantly higher in the groups G2 and G3 than that in the control group. G3 improved the activity of protease compared with the control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that the potential use of B. pumilusat a dose of 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g feed could improve the growth, immunity and digestive enzymes of M. rosenbergii.